0:00
While smartphone brands are trying to reduce the size of the notche or even hide it0:06
They mocked Apple because Iphones still have thas size of a notche0:09
but Apple showed it more and even put it in a frame0:14
they sold it to the world as an advantage, not a flaw0:16
This is what quantum mechanics scientests did to Albert Einstein when he tried to refute their theory0:31
"Sharafestien"0:34
Salam Alaykum!0:34
Before we start, let's recap the previous episodes of quantum mechanics that are about five years old or more0:42
And if you don't understanding something or there're details that you are missing, you can go and watch the full episodes0:47
We knew from the episodes of quantum mechanics that there is no specific reality and that observation or awareness creates reality0:53
Or in other words, I exist in this universe because there is someone observing me or watching me0:58
And if no one was watching me, I wouldn't exist1:00
If you amazed of what I am saying, I am also very surprised1:04
Albert Einstein was also more and more surprised1:07
But all experiments have proven that this is what happens1:10
While the electron is not observed, it is a positive of possibilities present everywhere and when it is observed or observed, this wave collapses and the electron appears in a specific place1:21
This applies not only to the electron, but also to any component of the atom1:25
And not just any of the components, but the experiments that were done on whole atoms gave the same results1:31
The atom that makes up everything in the universe1:33
Reality itself does not exist and exists only upon observation1:37
The electron has another property called spin1:41
You can think of it as a ball that rotates on its axis1:45
This direction can be counterclockwise and is denoted by an upward arrow1:50
Or in the same direction as the clockwise rotation and is denoted by an arrow down1:54
According to the interpretations of quantum mechanics, the electron spins in all directions at the same time2:02
That is, it rotates clockwise and counterclockwise at the same time2:06
And chooses a specific and clear direction in the case of observation only2:10
Because as we said, all possibilities are possible2:12
That is, every time I measure the spin of an electron, its direction may be different2:16
Once I measure it, I find that it rotates counterclockwise2:20
Once again I measure it and find that it rotates in the same direction clockwise2:23
If I do not observe the electron, I cannot determine in advance whether it rotates clockwise or counterclockwise2:29
Einstein objected this interpretation2:32
Because it refutes an important principle called realism, which says that reality always exists, whether you realize it or not2:39
This is what made Albert Einstein famously say, "I like to think the moon is there even if I'm not looking at it."2:46
It was also considered a conflict of interest for him2:51
Because there is a new theory that threatens the throne of relativity2:54
He had to object2:55
Quantum mechanics have argued that they reject the idea that the entire universe is probabilities3:01
And God does not know what will happen3:04
And he said, "God does not play Dice."3:06
This is what made me Neils Bohr, the most important scientist of quantum mechanics and the godfather of the Copenhagen interpretation, to say, "Einstein, Stop telling God what to do!"3:14
As if such arguments were created to live3:17
Customizing the topic to suit the ideology of the person presenting it3:20
While the idea may turn out to be wrong later on3:23
Whatever,3:24
Albert Einstein keeps trying to find a loophole in the explanation of what is happening3:30
Since the electron spins in all directions and chooses only a specific direction when it is measured, assuming that this is true3:38
Suppose that two electrons will be produced from the same source3:41
Since it is from the same source, the torque for both of them is zero3:46
That is, if an electron spins in an anticlockwise direction, the other must spin in the same direction as the counterclockwise rotation so that the result is zero.3:55
This is the law of conservation of angular momentum3:57
Just as you are deducing numbers equivalent to zero4:00
You can get 1 and 1-4:02
or 2 and -24:04
In the end, their sum is zero4:07
But you can't say 1 and 14:10
So it's like saying that zero equals 24:13
This is not possible4:14
Albert said that explanations mean it is possible4:17
Because if the rotation is in all directions, the electron chooses a specific direction when observing it, in this way I have two of the four possibilities in which the electrons rotate in the same direction4:27
This is not very different from your saying that zero is equal to 2 or -24:31
The same thing!4:32
This is impossible because it is illogical as it refutes the law of conservation of angular momentum4:36
The only solution to this problem is that he has the measurement of the first electron and it shows that it is spinning in a certain direction. He must send a signal to his counterpart telling him that he is spinning in that direction and asking him to spin in the opposite direction4:47
This is a weirder possibility than before4:50
But this could be what is happening4:52
Einstein objected and assumed that one of these electrons traveled until it reached one end of the universe and then its counterpart traveled to be located on the other side of the universe5:02
Imagine that I have measured the direction of rotation of the first electronic and it turns out that it is spinning in a certain direction5:07
At the same moment that you made the measurement, the signal that it sent to the other electron to rotate in the opposite direction will have arrived.5:13
This means two possibilities5:14
As for the signal, it travels in the fabric of space-time much faster than the speed of light5:19
This is impossible according to the theory of relativity5:21
Or that this signal did not travel in the fabric of space-time, but disappeared from the first place and then appeared in the other place5:27
This is in refutation of the principle of Locality5:29
Which states that nothing can affect another thing without communication between them in the place or in the space they occupy5:34
In order for Einstein to make fun of these explanations, he called this reference “Spooky Action.”5:39
They noticed that he always theorizing and asked him to find an explanation for this5:43
So he explained that the only logical solution is that this matter is prepared in advance, meaning that there are internal settings inside an electron, and this is what makes it behave like this when it is measured.5:54
Like you have two pieces of glove and each piece is in a box, every box is on one end of the universe6:01
If you open a chest of them and find the right piece, the left piece must be in the other chest6:07
It does not require any communication between the two pieces6:10
And of course you must support Albert Einstein6:14
Because it is logical6:16
However, mechanics had to defend their ideas, and they had to find a way to get out of the trap set by Albert Einstein.6:23
Neils Bohr decided to call the communication that occurs between electrons quantum entanglement. You do not spread the term Albert Einstein6:32
And they become a laughingstock in the scientific community6:34
And it became like this6:36
Supporters of the theory of relativity are living the thug life6:40
and Quantum mechanics scientists are trying to find an explanation for quantum entanglement6:48
These arguments continued and no one could separate them6:51
Until 1964, when the scientist John Stewart Bell came along, he had the solution6:58
How will he find a solution?6:59
He said that possibilities are not studied with certainty7:01
Probabilities are studied by probability7:04
He said Do you know The Blind Date Show? They said we don't know it! He said me too! But this will clarify the idea7:08
If you know this show, it is a show that depends on the presence of a young man and a girl and they ask them questions they know7:14
To see if they are compatible with each other or not7:16
Imagine that you are the producer of this show7:19
The show is presented by three different broadcasters7:22
A, B, and C7:23
Each episode is presented by a different presenter7:26
The boy and girl in the show represent the electrons7:30
Of course, you'll noticed that the boy and girl in the show were opposite of each other7:33
And they don't agree on anything7:35
They change them and bring another boy and girl7:37
It appears that they are the opposite of each other as well, and there is no agreement between them7:40
Then they are changed, and there is no agreement between them either7:44
Of course you are surprised7:45
It doesn't make sense for all people to be so opposite of each other7:47
They have to get along to make the show look like this7:50
You will see if they agree together or not7:52
You will find the presenter of the show choosing between mango juice and strawberry juice and see what each of them will choose.7:59
You find that they make choices opposite each other8:03
Although neither of them knows how to choose the other8:05
They must agree together before attending the show8:10
They must agree on a plan. Either they agree that one of them will always choose mango and the other will choose strawberry.8:18
Therefore, it will not differentiate with them what broadcaster will present the show8:21
There will be no 100% agreement between them despite the difference in the show providers8:27
They agree that they will choose the answer according to the show presenter8:31
That is, the boy tells the girl that if the presenter of the show is A, I will choose mango and you choose strawberry8:37
And if the presenter of the show is B, I will choose strawberries and you choose mango8:42
And if the presenter of the show is C, we will return to the previous choice, and I will choose Mango and you choose strawberries8:47
Therefore, if the show provider is changed, these will become all possible possibilities8:53
And you will find them not always making choices opposite each other8:55
Only five times out of the nine will answer the other way, and the rest will make similar choices9:02
That is, if they use the plan that depends on the show provider, the probability that they choose different options is 5/9 or 55%.9:10
Whereas if they use the first plan that does not depend on the presenter of the show, the probability that they will be different will be equal to 100%9:17
Thus, this means that if they agree together and you switch between the show providers, the percentage of them appearing different will not be less than 55%9:26
This percentage may increase, but not decrease9:28
This is the idea invented by John Stuart Bell to resolve the debate between relativists and quantum mechanics.9:35
Simply put, if they think that these are particles that contain presets, or that particles agree together, the solution is to switch the questions.9:42
To find out the probability that they will answer the opposite of each other9:45
Based on this ratio, we will decide whether they agree together or not9:48
He made an inequality to test particles, but he couldn't design an experiment to test entangled particles9:56
This inequality is called the relative inequality10:01
Bell's inequality lasted for 10 years while no one has been able to design a test to implement the idea10:06
Until the first three scientists who won the Nobel Prize this year came the American scientist John Clauser and he came up with an idea to design the Bell test10:16
But in order to know what he did, let's first find out how Polarized sunglasses works10:20
Light is a wave and this wave of light moves and vibrates in all directions10:26
It does not have a fixed direction in which to move10:28
And we can replace the shape of the wave that moves in all directions with this simple shape10:34
And if you into mathematics, you will know that all directions can be expressed in the X and Y axes only10:42
Because they are the final result10:44
If you make a filter whose atoms are attached to it vertically10:48
This filter will prevent the wave from vibrating in the horizontal direction10:51
Only the wave that vibrates in the vertical direction will pass10:55
Thus, the intensity of the illumination will be reduced by half10:57
Then we will call the light that passes the polarized light because it has only one direction or one pole11:03
This is the idea of ​making Polarized sunglasses11:05
The filter atoms are arranged in the vertical direction, preventing the horizontal wave from passing through it11:11
Thus, you reduce the light intensity to 50%.11:14
Besides, it blocks the so-called glare ray, but we haven't talked about it now11:18
The interesting thing is that if I rotate the filter at any angle, it will reduce the light intensity in half as well11:24
Because he will consider these are the new X and Y axes11:28
Thus, it will pass a direction from them and block the direction perpendicular to it11:32
But we know that the energy of a single photon cannot be divided11:35
Thus, this filter does not reduce the intensity of illumination of the photons in half, but rather passes half and blocks the other half11:43
But I don't know why half passed and why the other half didn't pass11:47
Are these presets present inside the Photon and programmed with them before passing through?11:52
Or is the photon behaving like this for a moment?11:54
Clauser had an idea11:56
If we have photon bliss coming from one source, then the two photons must be entangled and behave opposite to each other.12:02
These two photons if they are fired opposite each other at the same filter of the same angle12:06
If a photon of them had decided to pass, the other photon would decide not to pass12:11
So he randomly switched between three different angle filters12:18
As we were switching between show presenters12:20
Bring a vertical filter and a filter that tilts at an angle of 120 degrees or a filter that tilts at an angle of 240 degrees12:25
He kept switching and changing between them to see how likely the photons would be to act against each other12:31
If the difference appears greater than or equal to 55%, then the photons agree with each other and there are presets inside them12:38
In this case, quantum entanglement will be just an illusion and it's all presets, as Albert Einstein said12:44
But if the percentage is less than 55%, there are no internal settings in them, and quantum entanglement is real, and mechanics are right.12:54
The surprise was that after doing the experiment, it was found that the probability that the photons behave opposite each other was 50%.13:00
That is, it is less than 55%, and therefore the photons do not agree with each other and do not have internal settings13:08
So mechanics are the ones who are right13:10
But Clauser of course faced criticism13:12
They told him that he was switching filters himself, and therefore his bias and awareness might affect the results13:18
This is what made the second scientist, who won the Nobel Prize, Alain Aspect, to modify the experiment and make the process of changing the filters as a result of signals coming from two galaxies that are millions of light years away from us.13:30
Therefore, it does not control the experience13:32
Surprisingly, the experiment gave the same result and the same probability13:36
less than 55%13:38
these photons do not agree with each other and there is a connection between them whose speed is much greater than the speed of light13:43
Einstein's interpretation is incorrect13:45
And after Alain and Clauser, the experiments that confirmed the reality of quantum entanglement followed13:51
But after proving quantum entanglement, all that concerns scientists is that we have a means of communication whose speed is much greater than the speed of light.13:58
How do we use it to transfer data?14:01
But in order to transmit data, a specific encryption system is required14:05
Like a binary system based on zero and one14:09
For example, in optical fibers, the light pulse is considered as one and its absence is considered as zero14:16
So I can send anything through it14:18
If you send a pulse, it represents a certain command to do something14:22
And if you post two points in a row, that's a different matter14:25
And if you send a pulse and then the absence of a pulse, then this is a different matter from the previous commands14:30
It is easy, simple and uncomplicated14:32
But in the case of quantum entanglement, it is impossible14:35
Suppose that the binary system or zero and one represents the rotation of the electron with and counterclockwise14:41
The problem is that the electron's direction of rotation is not determined when it is measured14:45
It may appear that it is with the trend or reversed14:48
Both possibilities are possible14:49
I have no control over choosing zero or one14:51
This is only known when measuring14:54
Hence it cannot be used as a code14:56
And here comes the role of the third scientist, who received the Nobel Prize with them, the scientist Anton Zeilinger15:00
He got two photons of the same source, including quantum entanglement, and tried to make another photon entangle with one of them.15:07
He noticed that all the quantum data that was present at the third photon was transferred to the distant photon, which has no quantum entanglement between them.15:16
Your place was to convert the distant photon into a copy of the third photon15:20
This process is called Quantum Teleportation15:26
This is well known in science fiction films15:28
You are present in one place and suddenly disappear and appear in another place completely without cutting the distance between them15:34
He also found that if there are four photons each two of them are entangled together and if you entangle one photon of the other pair of photons15:43
Photons that don't know each other will spontaneously entangle15:47
And will sync all the data on them15:50
Therefore, the chances of data transfer are much closer15:53
But how will we take advantage of that?15:54
This will help us in the development of means of communication and will be much faster than the speed of light16:00
In fact, it will not only become faster, but will be done in no time16:03
You will not need time16:04
We will also be able to create supercomputers called quantum computers16:08
What instead of a normal computer running on a binary system based on zero or one16:13
The code will be zero and one at the same time16:16
You will be able to achieve all possible possibilities at the same time16:20
For example, if I shoot a video and want to do a Render, it will be done at the same moment I press the Enter button16:27
Because the possibility of the video was already present on the device16:30
The device knew the video in advance and was waiting for me to press the button in order to achieve reality16:36
New episodes wouldn't be late16:37
Third, I can take advantage of this in data protection16:41
Any data that is being transferred at the present time between two parties, is subject to a third person eavesdropping, decrypting and hacking this data16:50
But the data that will be transmitted by quantum entanglement cannot be hacked16:54
The simple reason is that any interference that occurs is a measurement process16:58
Since it is a measure or rationale, the wave will collapse and the entanglement will be separated17:02
Therefore, it is impossible for you to breach this data17:05
And impossible means impossible17:07
But for that to happen, you have to secure your data and wait for the next episodes, which are delayed because I don't have a quantum computer.17:13
And to like, share, and comment17:16
Subscribe to the channel17:17
And Tap notification button to know when the upcoming episode comes out17:23
Salam
الإنجليزية
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